In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon. From that time, a new era began for the USSR and the wider world. For the next 40 years, the whole world looked on nervously, wondering whether the Russians and the Americans would start a nuclear war. Nuclear weapons became one of the decisive factors of global politics.
However, nuclear energy interested not only military generals and politicians who considered using nuclear weapons against their enemies. For modern Russia, nuclear power plants and nuclear-powered icebreakers became an important part of the economy. In the 1950s, the idea was developed even further. The USSR carried out 124 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNEs). These were all underground explosions which helped scientists create water reservoirs, gain access to deep-lying mineral deposits, and create gas storage cavities. Such explosions were seen as a solution to many problems.
The most unusual use for a nuclear weapon, however, was to extinguish a powerful fire.
The inferno that defied every solution
In the 1960s, the USSR actively developed its oil and gas reserves. Many new gas and oil fields were explored, and the map of available resources constantly expanded. This was similar to the “oil boom” that once occurred in the US. However, due to the structure of the Soviet economy, the exploration was conducted not by private firms, but by state structures. In the ’60s, giant oil and gas reserves were discovered in Western Siberia, which to this day remain one of the main pillars of the Russian economy.
However, such rapid development also had a downside. Progress came with a price, which sometimes was quite high.
On December 1, 1963, a major disaster occurred at the Urta-Bulak gas field in Uzbekistan. The day began with routine rock drilling. Nothing unusual happened, and the workers assumed that the day would pass as usual. However, at a depth of over 2,400 meters, the drill accidentally struck a gas reservoir with very high pressure – about 300 atm. The explosion knocked the entire drilling column out of the well, the drilling rig was blown to pieces, and a huge column of flame burst out of the ground.
A 120-meter-high “torch” of fire burst out and blazed over the area. It consumed 12 million cubic meters of gas per day – which is comparable to the daily gas consumption in a large city like St. Petersburg. The flame could be seen from several hundred kilometers away.
The disaster was unprecedented. Specialists from the USSR Ministry of Geology were sent to find a solution to the problem.
First, the experts tried all the regular methods to extinguish the fire – including pumping water and a special solution into the well, and pouring vast amounts of sand over the blaze. The wellhead was even shelled with artillery fire to scatter debris – though of course, this in itself could not put out the fire. The site was barricaded with sand barriers to localize the flames. This precaution was important, since the gas spread to the surrounding areas, and ash from the fire poured down on houses located dozens of kilometers away. Many birds were killed and the site was labeled a danger zone for airplanes. The roar and heat of the flames reminded everyone of the inferno.
Unsuccessful attempts to extinguish the flames continued until December 1965, when academician Mstislav Keldysh made an unexpected proposal.
Academician and engineer: Crafting a nuclear gamble
Keldysh came from a brilliant family – and not only in terms of his aristocratic origins, although he was indeed of noble descent. His ancestors were doctors, engineers, and generals. His father was a scientist and a university professor. Keldysh received an excellent education, and all the efforts of his teachers paid off. He solved fundamental problems of aircraft engineering, researched aircraft mechanics and aerodynamics, and in the 1940s was one of the key specialists in the areas of nuclear weapons and jet propulsion. In short, in the USSR there were few specialists like Keldysh, who possessed expert knowledge in various fields.
Together with a group of colleagues, Keldysh proposed a completely unexpected solution – to detonate a thermonuclear bomb deep underground to extinguish the fire.
The idea was “brutal” but practical: the explosion would move huge layers of rock, which would crush the source of gas which erupted to the surface.
The task force was headed by Kamil Mangushev. He was still quite young, about 35 years old, but was an experienced oil and gas industry specialist who researched peaceful uses of nuclear technology. He was particularly interested in creating hermetic underground voids with the help of nuclear explosions. But the problem he had to solve was slightly different.
Mangushev coordinated the work of all specialists involved in the project. The plan was to drill an inclined well which would be about 1.5 kilometers deep and would be located about 200 meters from the source of the fire. Underground, this well would come close to the source of fire. A nuclear weapon with a yield of 30 kilotons of TNT (1.5 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945) was supposed to be cooled in advance to prevent it from exploding ahead of time. A special casing for the bomb with a coolant supply system, and a cooling system for the well were developed.
A special nuclear warhead was designed, which had a special casing (since an ordinary nuclear bomb is not designed to be lowered into a well) and an automated detonation system. Mangushev was also in charge of designing a drill used for the construction of the channel. The well had to be sealed with cement, to avoid atmospheric radioactive contamination.
The day the fire finally fell silent
To make sure that everything was going according to plan, a mock-up of the bomb was lowered into the well. Then the cooling system was checked and the warhead was lowered. The well was cemented. People and equipment were moved 5 km away from the site.
On September 30, 1966, physicists detonated the bomb. Mangushev’s team watched the explosion from a distance of 5 km.
On the surface, the ground trembled. The valley lit up with phosphorescent light as the pieces of rock struck against each other and generated sparks. The dosimetry service reported no traces of radioactive contamination. As for the fire, it rapidly began to subside.
The shock wave simply crushed the pillar of fire. The fire that had raged for 1,074 days was finally over.
Mangushev was one of the first people to run to the place. His boots melted on the way. When he reached the site, a geologist gave him a piece of melted rock as a keepsake.
Keldysh, who had proposed this method of extinguishing the fire, told Mangushev, “Fantastic! You’ve done a very neat job, thank you!”
The Urta-Bulak gas field fire was an extreme example of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. However, this was not the last time that powerful fires were extinguished in the USSR using such methods. The use of a nuclear weapon was an extreme measure which scientists resorted to due to the intensity of the flames. However, the risk was justified. An unusual problem required an unusual solution. It was quite brutal, and in the spirit of the age, but it worked.
Keldysh died in the late ’70s after battling a difficult illness. To this day, he is rightly considered one of the great heroes of Soviet times. The urn with his ashes is interred in the Kremlin wall alongside other prominent Soviet figures. As for Mangushev, he continued his work for the state until the collapse of the USSR, after which he established a private company engaged in cleaning territories contaminated by petroleum products. The heroes of the drama that unfolded in ’60s remained revered professionals until the end of their days.